甜菜碱日粮对热应激条件下肉鸭生长性能、血液指标及盲肠脂肪酸含量的影响

文章旨在评估甜菜碱对热应激条件下肉鸭血液指标、电解质、气体分压和盲肠短链脂肪酸含量的影响。试验选择平均体重为48.6g当天孵化的肉鸭400只,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复20只。试验日粮处理分为对照组和3个处理组,对照组饲喂基础日粮(自由采食),处理1组为热应激条件下添加1500mg/kg甜菜碱,处理2组为热应激条件下5点~10点以及17点~20点饲喂含1500mg/kg甜菜碱日粮,处理3组为热应激条件下17点~10点饲喂含1500mg/kg甜菜碱日粮,试验共进行42d。结果显示:饲喂甜菜碱日粮的肉鸭较对照组体重显著提高(P<0.05)。对照组肉鸭血液红细胞总数、红细胞压积、血红蛋白、红细胞平均体积、红细胞分布宽度、血小板计数、血小板压积、血小板平均体积均低于甜菜碱组(P<0.05)。不同饲喂时间的甜菜碱组肉鸭电解质浓度均高于对照组(P<0.05)。对照组肉鸭血液二氧化碳分压、氧气分压、细胞外液碱浓度、碳酸氢盐和总二氧化碳浓度均低于甜菜碱组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,甜菜碱组肉鸭盲肠中总短链脂肪酸、乙酸、丙酸的浓度较高(P<0.05),而丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸和异戊酸含量较低(P<0.05)。因此,与自由采食相比,在上午和下午限制饲喂甜菜碱日粮或17~10点饲喂甜菜碱日粮显著提高了热应激条件下肉鸭的生长性能和生物学参数。     

敖汉和维多利亚紫花苜蓿对低磷环境应激机制的比较

为了探索紫花苜蓿在低磷环境下的表现及响应机制,以期为提高苜蓿磷利用效率及磷吸收效率提供参考。试验以耐低磷较强的敖汉苜蓿和耐低磷较弱的维多利亚苜蓿为研究对象,以正常磷(500 μmol·L^-1 KH₂PO₄)处理为对照,低磷(5 μmol·L^-1 KH₂PO₄)胁迫处理10、15、20 d后,分别观测其形态特征及生理指标的变化,比较两个品种在低磷胁迫下的差异,综合分析其耐低磷机制。结果表明,低磷胁迫下,敖汉和维多利亚的株高、地上生物量及磷含量有所下降,地下生物量、根冠比、总根长、根表面积及磷利用率有所提高,二者净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著下降(P<0.05),但是敖汉的下降幅度都远小于维多利亚;二者的酸性磷酸酶活性都极显著增强(P<0.01),但敖汉的酸性磷酸酶活性极显著高于维多利亚(P<0.01)。综合表明,低磷胁迫抑制了苜蓿的地上部分生长,促进了地下部分生长,敖汉较维多利亚耐低磷主要表现在光合作用受低磷影响较小、磷酸酶活性增强幅度较大。通过两个品种在低磷胁迫下的不同表现,为紫花苜蓿的耐低磷机制研究提供一定的理论依据。     

植物乳杆菌和含水量对辣木叶青贮品质和单宁含量的影响

试验旨在探讨含水量和添加植物乳杆菌对辣木叶青贮品质、单宁含量的影响。采用双因素(水分×植物乳杆菌)完全随机设计,含水量分别为60%、70%和75%,植物乳杆菌设置添加组(1×10^6 cfu·g^-1鲜样)和对照组。分别于青贮的60和120 d,开袋取样测定发酵品质、蛋白组分和单宁含量。辣木叶干物质中粗蛋白(CP)含量为16.72%,可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量为10.72%。含水量对辣木叶青贮品质有显著影响,70%含水量组与60%水量组相比,氨态氮(NH3-N)、氨基酸类游离氮(FAA)、乙酸(AA)、丙酸(PA)和乳酸(LP)含量均显著降低(P<0.05);在70%含水量条件下,添加植物乳杆菌,有机酸(LA、AA、PA)含量显著升高(P<0.05),乳酸菌(LAB)和酵母菌(Yeast)数目显著降低(P<0.05);发酵60 d时,在60%和75%含水量条件下,添加植物乳杆菌,pH值显著降低(P<0.05);所有处理的大肠杆菌数量均小于2.0 log cfu·g^-1FM。不同含水量和植物乳杆菌对辣木叶青贮后单宁含量均有降低作用,但无显著差异(P>0.05)。辣木叶蛋白丰富,易于调制青贮饲料,70%含水量和添加植物乳杆菌对辣木叶青贮品质有明显的改善作用,对降解单宁含量并未产生显著影响。     

赖氨酸修饰对梯棱羊肚菌黑色素结构和理化特性的影响

为了进一步提高梯棱羊肚菌黑色素的提取率及溶解性,本试验采用单因素、Plackett-Burman试验、响应面试验对纤维素酶-超声波协同提取梯棱羊肚菌黑色素的提取工艺进行优化研究。通过赖氨酸修饰,并对修饰前后的梯棱羊肚菌黑色素进行结构表征、理化性质及稳定性研究。结果表明,在NaOH浓度为1.54 mol/L,纤维素酶添加量为20 mg/g,纤维素酶酶解时间为78.6 min,料液比为1:30,酶解温度为40 ℃,超声时间为80 min条件下提取的梯棱羊肚菌黑色素最优。未修饰的梯棱羊肚菌黑色素不溶于水,色价值为480.24,修饰后的黑色素溶解度为1 016 g/L,色价值为1 771.18,比未修饰的黑色素在溶解性、色价值方面均有所提高。此外,在不同的温度、光照、pH条件下,修饰前后的梯棱羊肚菌黑色素均比较稳定。以上研究结果为梯棱羊肚菌黑色素的高效提取及其产品的开发利用奠定了理论基础。     

Determination of uric acid in canine serum and urine by high performance liquid chromatography

A reproducible high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for analysis of uric acid in canine serum and urine. The method consists of precipitating serum proteins with phosphotungstic acid prior to HPLC analysis. Urine is analyzed after dilution with buffer. Chromatography is performed on a reversed-phase C-18 column with UV detection at 292 nm. Sensitivity of the method will allow reproducible measurement of uric acid at concentrations of 0.05 mg/dl in serum and 0.1 mg/dl in urine. The HPLC method has been used to quantify hundreds of canine serum and urine samples. The method is superior to UV absorption or colorimetric methods because its lower limit of detection allows measurement of uric acid at concentrations found in canine serum and urine.     

Trichoderma harzianum produces nonanoic acid, an inhibitor of spore germination and mycelial growth of two cacao pathogens

An isolate of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai from an infected cacao pod produces and secretes nonanoic (pelargonic) acid into a liquid culture medium. Nonanoic acid (NA) was very inhibitory to spore germination and mycelial growth of two cacao pathogens, Crinipellis perniciosa Stahel and Moniliophthora roreri Cif. H.C. Evans. It was highly active causing 75% inhibition of spore germination in an in vitro assay at a rate as low as 0.09 μM for M. roreri and 0.92 μM for C. perniciosa. Mycelial growth was comparatively less sensitive to inhibition, but still there was a 75% reduction in growth with 0.62 μM in M. roreri and 151 μM NA in C. perniciosa. In contrast, NA did not affect Trichoderma mycelial growth or spore germination at concentrations that were inhibitory to the pathogens. 6-pentyl-α-pyrone was also produced and secreted into the medium by T. harzianum, however; it was not antagonistic to the cacao pathogens. Although a number of metabolites produced by Trichoderma spp. have been identified in the past, this is the first report of NA production and secretion by any Trichoderma. The results suggest that NA may play a role in the successful use of some Trichoderma spp. isolates in the biocontrol of fungal diseases of plants.     

哺乳犊牛的消化特点与蛋白质需要

本文从犊牛的消化生理特点出发,综述了犊牛出生后的生理特征及蛋白质、必需氨基酸的需要量,并对代乳品中蛋白质原料进行了论述。     

Whole-Cell Fatty Acid Composition to Characterize and Differentiate Isolates of Rhizoctonia Species Associated with Turfgrass Diseases in Japan

Cellular fatty acids were analyzed to characterize and differentiate 34 isolates of Rhizoctonia species representing binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-D (I), AG-D (II), R. solani AG 2-2 IIIB, AG 2-2 LP, R. circinata var. circinata and var. oryzae associated with turfgrass diseases in Japan. Myristic, pentadecanoic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids were consistently present in varying quantities in all isolates. Heptadecanoic and 9-heptadecenoic acids were present in isolates of Rhizoctonia AG-D (I), AG-D (II), R. solani AG 2-2 IIIB and AG 2-2 LP but not in isolates of R. circinata var. circinata and var. oryzae. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids found, constituting 88.30-98.37% of the whole-cell fatty acid content. The remaining fatty acids were present in smaller amounts. Isolates within a single group were closely clustered, whereas isolates from different groups were clearly distinguishable based on average linkage cluster analysis of cellular fatty acids. Principal component analysis, based on all fatty acids detected, confirmed the distinct separation of isolates representing the six groups of Rhizoctonia species obtained from turfgrasses. These results suggested that fatty acid analysis is useful for the characterization and differentiation of isolates of Rhizoctonia species associated with turfgrass diseases. Received 21 May 2001/ Accepted in revised form 28 September 2001     

地高辛标记核酸探针的标记方法及其在食用菌研究领域的应用

综述了非放射性地高辛（DIG）标记系统的原理和主要特点，介绍了地高辛标记核酸探针的主要标记方法，影响探针标记方法选择的因素，标记探针的显色检测方法及其在食用菌研究领域的应用。